Error code:   JWTInvalidSignature
Exception:    InvalidSignatureError
Message:      Signature verification failed
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/libs/libapi/src/libapi/jwt_token.py", line 286, in validate_jwt
                  decoded = jwt.decode(
                      jwt=token,
                  ...<2 lines>...
                      options=options,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 368, in decode
                  decoded = self.decode_complete(
                      jwt,
                  ...<8 lines>...
                      leeway=leeway,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 265, in decode_complete
                  decoded = self._jws.decode_complete(
                      jwt,
                  ...<3 lines>...
                      detached_payload=detached_payload,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 270, in decode_complete
                  self._verify_signature(
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      signing_input,
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ...<4 lines>...
                      options=merged_options,
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 417, in _verify_signature
                  raise InvalidSignatureError("Signature verification failed")
              jwt.exceptions.InvalidSignatureError: Signature verification failed

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🗂️ Dataset Overview

PoliWAM is a large-scale corpus of WhatsApp political discussions collected during the Indian General Elections 2019. It consists of both raw and annotated data, enabling research in political discourse, misinformation, propaganda, and multilingual code-mixing.

Total Messages: 223,000
Groups: 281 public political groups
Users: ~31,000 unique users
Annotation Subset: 3,848 messages manually labeled for:
- Political Orientation
- Linguistic Composition
- Malicious Intent
- Inclination Toward Specific Parties

Dataset Usage Disclaimer ‼️

This dataset contains real-world political discussions collected from public WhatsApp groups. It may include biased, offensive, or potentially harmful content, such as hate speech, misinformation, or political propaganda. The dataset is released strictly for academic research and should be used with appropriate ethical safeguards and content moderation strategies.

Contact US ✉️

Lingo Research Group at IIT Gandhinagar, India
Mail at: lingo@iitgn.ac.in

Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite the following work:

@inproceedings{srivastava-singh-2021-poliwam,
    title = "{P}oli{WAM}: An Exploration of a Large Scale Corpus of Political Discussions on {W}hats{A}pp Messenger",
    author = "Srivastava, Vivek  and
      Singh, Mayank",
    editor = "Xu, Wei  and
      Ritter, Alan  and
      Baldwin, Tim  and
      Rahimi, Afshin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2021)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2021",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.wnut-1.15/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2021.wnut-1.15",
    pages = "120--130"
}

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Curated by:

Lingo Research Group at IIT Gandhinagar

Language(s) (NLP):

Bilingual (Hindi [hi], English [en]), with traces of other Indian languages (e.g., Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali).